Extended Definition

Jason Lorenzo Lumabas ENGLCOM (WC) The Digestive System One of the miracles of the human em clay is how it possesses the characteristics of machines specifically that of a juicer. It breaks down and extracts vitamins and minerals from everything that it ingests. To be specific, the digestive dodge is the system of organs responsible for getting food into and out of the body and turning the food we eat into energy (Seibert, 2011). It is one of the wonders of our body that keeps us alive.In fact, keeping a healthy digestive system can actually boost ones lifespan. According to Watson (2011), a lot of masses suffer from chronic diseases but only a few realize that these argon the result of impaired digestion. Overall health begins in the gut that is why having poor digestion will encourage the development of contrastive illnesses. Thus, by having a good digestive health a person increases the chances of prolonging his life by having a healthy diet but people nowadays tend to eat whatever they please. Majority does not really care about how nutritious their food is as long as they satisfy their hunger.Little do these people know that what they eat can affect their body system. Sztainer (2008) provides recommendations to maintain a healthy body and good consume habits. First, unhealthy eating must be counteracted with long-term eating behaviors which will as well alleviate in the promotion of positive body image. Second, eating together as a family and talk of the town about how to maintain a healthy living will help as well. As a matter of fact, eating alone can lead to depression (Kimura et al. , 2012) that will greatly affect the eating habits of an individual thus making the person unhealthy.Therefore, following these recommendations will impede poor nutritional health. another(prenominal) factor that greatly decreases the health of the digestive system are disorders like bulimia and anorexia. Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are two of the most d readed eating disorders afflicting men and women. According to Sonenklar (2011), Anorexia nervosa, or just anorexia, is a conclave of emotional, psychological, and biological disorders that affects the body. People with anorexia fear weight gain and are obsessed with their bodies. They restrict themselves from eating to a fault much because they are afraid to appear big.On the other hand, she states that bulimics are those who eat excessively and later roam it, because of their act of binge eating. They become depressed and tend to engage themselves in dangerous methods that will help them lose the weight they gained from eating too much. These disorders also affect the disease-fighting mechanism of the human body since the gastrointestinal tract consists of two-thirds of the immune system. There are many ways to prevent diseases that involve not only the digestive system but also the other systems of the body. One of these ways is having probiotics in ones system.Probiotics can help in keeping the digestive system working well. In fact, probiotics can swipe illnesses related to the gut. Louis (2012) asserts that it is important to have a good add up of probiotics in ones system especially if the intake of processed foods and low fiber diets is high because it will abate the colon function. some other way to prevent these illnesses is enzyme supplementation in a persons diet. A good amount of enzyme can improve a persons overall digestion. It also reduces the effects of aging and innervation of muscles and joint pain. Enzymes boost the immune system and cleanse the body from allergic reactions.The author also mentions that change integrity foods and beverages should be avoided because they destroy enzymes. In conclusion, a lot of factors should be considered in maintaining a healthy digestive system. Engaging ones self in doing these will result to a well and extended life. Having a healthy digestive system also means having a healthy central neuroni c system. These two systems are closely related to each which is why a new field of choose possible called Neurogastroenterology sprung. These two vital systems serve as some kind of elixir to the human body that is why they should be kept well at all times.

Overpopulation: Population Growth and Birth Rate

Although most of us live a prosperous life with no worries, there are several issues that we are circulating(prenominal)ly go about that will eventually be more and more actualise as time goes on. One of these problems is most damaging, in my opinion, to our way of life if we do nonhing some it. The issues I am speaking of is the problem of over macrocosm. This is a developing crisis and it has plagued most of the world. An area is considered overpopulated if its population crappert be maintained without rapidly depleting nonrenewable resources and without destroying the environment which supports the population.(Brown,Gardner,Halweil, Beyond Malthus,19).The problems that arise out-of-pocket to overpopulation could go bygone to a grim epidemic that could wipe out the whole pitying race. So the question remains Are we facing overpopulation here in the Middle East? And how do we tackle much(prenominal) problems? The answer to this question is a short simple Yes but the so lution to this problem is much longer than a whiz member answer. As such, overpopulation is existent here in the Middle East and countries should identify, analyze and control it immediately.Although I do believe we are facing the crisis of over population, one might ask what exactly can be defined as overpopulation. Through common sense, overpopulation occurs when the number of people living in a sure region, who depend on resources for survival, is significantly bigger than the amount of resources available to them. This as a result, can lead to people living poorer and unhealthier lives compared to opposites. Currently the world is increasing by 80 one million million people per cartroad of instruction (Stefoff 16). Population is determined by the interplay of two factors.One is the birth rate, or the number of people being born, and the other is death rate, or the number who die. The difference between the two is called the rate of natural increase (Stefoff 25). So lets s ay the birth rate is 5 children per piece, and the death rate is 2 deaths per second. The population in this facial expression will increase by 3 per second. Overpopulation occurs when this number grows rapidly. I would like to introduce the Malthusian theories, which explains why overpopulation occurs (Stetoff 34).Basically the theory explains that since population increases geometrically (1-2-4-8-16) and while resources can only grow arithmetically (1-2-3-4-5), overpopulation will occur. As such, any field with a geometric increase in population will eventually looking at this problem and that country should take drastic measures to solve this problem of overpopulation. Egypt, as example, is facing the problem of overpopulation. accord to recent statistics the population of Egypt right now is 81 million, while in 1951 the population was 20 million (Mountjoy 121).That means the population more than quadrupled over a period of just sixty 60 years. clear such drastic increases cant go unseen and since it clearly shows a exponential growth one can expect the population of Egypt to increase by a larger factor in the upcoming year. wedded that the country is 97% desert (Mountjoy 121), one can assume that expansion of agriculture is strictly limited. With this course of overpopulation, the countrys agricultural expanding wont be able to catch up with such an increase of population.The reason behind this overpopulation is not only due to lack of government enforcement on child policies, but in my opinion, also due to the Egyptian mentality that having more children will result in God rewarding them. I puddle come to learn this through friends who claim that the average Egyptian will have an average of 6 children. As result of this, Egypt should take steps towards resolving this overpopulation crisis as soon as possible or prepare to face such consequences. Since we can acknowledge the existence of overpopulation now, we must therefore find solutions to this problem.At this rate, the population of earth will reach 9 billion by 2050 which is a 15% increase from the current population. If we let this problem go untouched, we will reach a point where solving overpopulation will technically be impossible. As such, tackling this problem as soon as possible, will make these solutions easier to implement. Although one such way to avoid overpopulation is do what China did implement a one-child policy, in which the family cant have more than one child (Engelman). Although this solution will work, this path must not be taken because it deprives a human of their rights and a solution like this isnt practical.One technique Robert Engelman suggested was elevating womans status and increasing access to prophylactic services, so that essentially all births result from intended pregnancies. Only 4 out of 5 pregnancies are intended (Engelman) and if a global movement was enforced to eliminate all unwanted pregnancies, any overpopulated country will see an immediate fall in population growth and within a some decade the population growth will subsequently decline. This increase of accessibility to contraceptive measures will in spades help Egypt battle their overpopulation problem.This comes back to the question Are we facing the problem of overpopulation in the Middle East, and I assure you, yes we are. This research paper was dedicatedly made to give awareness of the rising problem of overpopulation, especially in the Middle East. Overpopulation occurs when a countrys population is much more than their provided resources, causing resources to be depleted much accelerated and the inability of the country to sustain its population. Through research, it was concluded that Egypt is one example of a Middle east country facing overpopulation at a very high rate.Therefore, a country cannot look past this overpopulation problem and must prioritize their efforts towards finding solutions to tackle this problem. Although a bunch of solu tions exist, some of them should not be approached as they contradict with human rights and human freedom. One suggested solution to this problem is to elevate womans status and increase their accessibility to contraceptive measures in order to avoid any unwanted pregnancies. I can conclude that the existence of overpopulation is imminent, but every problem has a solution, and countries should tackle this problem without second thought.

My Love My Dove

My chick love, my dove. Arthur is happily unite to Pamela, a very wealthy woman. They are awaiting some weekend guests, the Snapes, and Pamela isnt looking before to it. The exclusively evidence she invited them was that the Snapes are good bridge players and they play for a decent stake. Suddenly Pamela gets the imagination that they should bug the Snapess room. She wonders what they hypothecate ab prohibited them. Bored with the idea of entertaining them, Pamela, a domineering woman, persuaded Arthur to conceal a loud talker in the guest bedroom as a joke. Arthur gave in only to neutralise an argument.Arthur doesnt like the idea, tho Pamela bullies him and reminds him that theyve breake similar matters together in the past. Im a nasty person, she says. And so are you in a secret sort of way. Thats why we get along together. Although Arthur was against the idea, he did his job with marvelous enthusiasm. He carefully put the wire for a long time, thinking about how t o do everything readily and at the alike time in the best way. In the hero woked up passion. It was their common trait that united them. On the other hand, Pamela was more playful, you can tell, she came up with the idea and Arthur supported her.Later the guests arrive and everyone has a pleasant dinner. afterward they play bridge, and the Snapes have all the luck. The wife, Sally, makes one mistake though that costs them some(prenominal) hundred points. At the end of the evening the spans part and Pamela excitedly tells Arthur to turn on the speaker. They are knocked out(p) to hear Mr. Snape reprimanding his wife for her earlier bridge error. She apologizes, entirely he tells her that theyre just going to have to arrange some more. Arthur realizes that theyre talk about a betting code which allows them to cheat and know all of their partners cards.They were chess their host out of all the money they could. Arthur was horrified, but Pamela thought it was terrific. She d ecided they should begin to learn their feature code immediately. once more Arthur was unable to argue. Why, Arthur, this is a marvellous idea Go fetch a prettify of cards well send-off right away. Some words about these two couples. Arthur really loves his wife, admires her, talks with her sincerely. Their consanguinity seems sometimes difficult, but in fact their minor disputes do not carry anger or misunderstanding. The second couple is quite different.At the sight of all, they behave like a good, loving couple, but in fact their relationship is poor. Husband says nice things to his wife when she is mistaken. In the story, after the game the guests went to their room, and our heroes became to eavesdrop on them. The worst thing is not that the guests cheated during the game. The ratio of the husband to his wife is terrible. He presses his wife, speaks with her in a ill-humored voice, scolds, completely suppresses her will. He does not care that she was tired, he does not care about her feelings. These two couples are diametrically opposed.I dont think that the hero Arthur is weak. This couple reminded me of the notion of mind and heart. Pamela easily takes unfounded decisions, pushes them to her husband, and he thinks for a long time, trying to argue, but at the time of surrender takes a innovative game. This feature of thirst for something forbidden is in both, but manifests itself in different ways. The story shows two types of relationships in the family. When someone controls and suppresses, and when hoi polloi find common ground and go through life, sharing not only common interests but also feelings and respect for each other.My Love My DoveMy lady love, my dove. Arthur is happily married to Pamela, a very wealthy woman. They are awaiting some weekend guests, the Snapes, and Pamela isnt looking forward to it. The only reason she invited them was that the Snapes are good bridge players and they play for a decent stake. Suddenly Pamela gets the idea that they should bug the Snapess room. She wonders what they think about them. Bored with the idea of entertaining them, Pamela, a domineering woman, persuaded Arthur to conceal a loud speaker in the guest bedroom as a joke. Arthur gave in only to avoid an argument.Arthur doesnt like the idea, but Pamela bullies him and reminds him that theyve done similar things together in the past. Im a nasty person, she says. And so are you in a secret sort of way. Thats why we get along together. Although Arthur was against the idea, he did his job with incredible enthusiasm. He carefully put the wire for a long time, thinking about how to do everything quickly and at the same time in the best way. In the hero woked up passion. It was their common characteristic that united them. On the other hand, Pamela was more playful, you can tell, she came up with the idea and Arthur supported her.Later the guests arrive and everyone has a pleasant dinner. Afterwards they play bridge, and the Snape s have all the luck. The wife, Sally, makes one mistake though that costs them several hundred points. At the end of the evening the couples part and Pamela excitedly tells Arthur to turn on the speaker. They are astonished to hear Mr. Snape reprimanding his wife for her earlier bridge error. She apologizes, but he tells her that theyre just going to have to practice some more. Arthur realizes that theyre talking about a betting code which allows them to cheat and know all of their partners cards.They were cheating their host out of all the money they could. Arthur was horrified, but Pamela thought it was terrific. She decided they should begin to learn their own code immediately. Again Arthur was unable to argue. Why, Arthur, this is a marvellous idea Go fetch a deck of cards well start right away. Some words about these two couples. Arthur really loves his wife, admires her, talks with her sincerely. Their relationship seems sometimes difficult, but in fact their minor disputes d o not carry anger or misunderstanding. The second couple is quite different.At the sight of all, they behave like a good, loving couple, but in fact their relationship is poor. Husband says nice things to his wife when she is mistaken. In the story, after the game the guests went to their room, and our heroes became to eavesdrop on them. The worst thing is not that the guests cheated during the game. The ratio of the husband to his wife is terrible. He presses his wife, speaks with her in a gruff voice, scolds, completely suppresses her will. He does not care that she was tired, he does not care about her feelings. These two couples are diametrically opposed.I dont think that the hero Arthur is weak. This couple reminded me of the notion of mind and heart. Pamela easily takes crazy decisions, pushes them to her husband, and he thinks for a long time, trying to argue, but at the time of surrender takes a new game. This feature of craving for something forbidden is in both, but manife sts itself in different ways. The story shows two types of relationships in the family. When someone controls and suppresses, and when people find common ground and go through life, sharing not only common interests but also feelings and respect for each other.

Selection of Sustainable Construction Materials

The faculty of kind cognition a lot finds it nasty in reservation closes concerning remainss that argon extensive and complex such as in the steering of organizational operations, investment portfolios, military command and control situations and control of nuclear facilities. Even though hotshot may fully comprehend the idiosyncratic interactions amongst a systems variables, it is usu completelyy genuinely difficult to predict how a system will react to new stimuli as a result of a finish taken.Under such circumstances, the results of many researches countenance indicated that the mind and finding fashioning capabilities of compassionate beings could well condescend short of the optimum. Stress and complexities acts negatively on the kind cognition system, making it even harder to operate what could be termed as the some optimal decision. The decision to be taken atomic number 50 nevertheless be very crucial, and a wrong decision could last to catastrophe.It accordingly becomes essential to find some counsel to countenance and military service a human being in taking crucial decisions on complex systems not only in atmospheres of stress and pressure tho also in normal situations. Science has strived to thingamabob such decision-making aids by out history. Operations research, statistics and economics nominate au indeedtic various methods for making rational choices. The advent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its dramatic ontogenesiss in the last two-and-a-half decades has made it contingent apply ICT in integrating various disciplines in aiding decision making in complex situations.As a result, study science, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology and the neurosciences conduct come together to develop a renewal of decision making aids. These decision-making aids are practic individually(prenominal)y implemented as computer industrys deployed both as stand-al wiz tools in individual systems or are installed to c all over entire working networks. Such decision-making tools and corporate computing environments are together known as finality reenforcement dodgings (DSSs), which is a very abundant term incorporating a multitude of methodologies, tools, techniques, approaches and technologies.Druzdzel & Flynn (2002) takes all existing DSSs into consideration when they attempt to define them empirically as computer- ascendantd interactive systems that jock users in making decisions. DSSs are sometimes also referred to as knowledge-based systems because they basically assay to structure do chief(prenominal) knowledge into a form on which mechanical decision making is possible. purpose reinforcing stimulus Systems integrate information from various sources, allow intelligent retrieve to the information sources that are relevant, and help in the subroutine of organizing decisions to help human beings overcome their cognitive deficiencies. end weather Systems strength en the conventional tasks of accessing and retrieving information with reasoning support based on a model and model building approach. Framing, modeling and caper solving are supported by DSSs. They are usually used for strategic and tactical decisions to be made by planners and senior aims in the management. Such decisions have a reasonably low frequence but their consequences have very high potential. Therefore the time and investment taken in employ DSSs to aid in taking such decisions are paid off in the long run. termination acquit Systems not only define the substitute decision choices, but peck help in filling out the most sensible and optical choice amongst the alternatives adhering to and adopting elements from disciplines such as engineering economics, operations research, statistics and decision theory. Artificial Intelligence is used by Decision Support Systems to tackle problems in a heuristic rule manner in situations in which the problems are not amenable to formal conventional techniques.Decision Support Systems have grown in popularity because it has been found that when decision-making systems are used appropriately they tip to increase efficiency and proceeds providing appreciable competitive edge over rival businesses. This happens because organizations and businesses employing DSSs make sound choices in the deployment of technology, and in grooming business operations, logistics and operations. Components of DSSs There are three fundamental components f Decision Support Systems are fundamentally made up of three basic elements i. Data Base Management System (database management system) The DBMS is the databank for the DSS.The DBMS is a storehouse for the huge volumes of data that the DSS has to deal with in providing solution for the eccentric person of problem for which it has been designed. opposed in early(a) databases which provide physical data structure, the DMBS works on logical data structures which the users passel interact with. In a good DBMS, the physical database structure and the way the data is actually process remains hidden from the user. The user only knows the different types of data that are in stock(predicate) and how best to access this data to aid in decision making. ii. Model-Based Management System (MBMS) The MBMS plays a similar role to that of the DBMS.The main task of an MBMS is to provide a utensil whereby the applications that use a crabby DSS are independent of the ill-tempered models that are used in the DSS. By doing so, the MBMS actually converts data available in the DBMS into information that helps in decision making. Users of a DSS usually have to handle unstructured problems. The MBMS is thence required to help the users with building models. iii. Dialog Generation and Management system (DGMS) People use a DSS to comprehend a system in its entirety. The primary task of the DSS is therefore to provide insight.The interfaces that a DSS uses pick outs to be pa ssing user friendly as many hoi polloi who use them specialize in planning and managerial decision making and may not be very well acquainted or lie towards computing systems. The interfaces not only need to assist in building the models bit also need to provide adequate interactions with the models so that the users are able to gain insight and extract recommendations from the DSS. The DGMS is therefore in general tasked with providing easy access and meaningful access to the DSS. DSS for excerpt of Construction Materials, its relevanceThis paper attempts to describe a Decision Support System to assist in making decisions to select twisting solids based on a sustain big businessman criterion. For every get ton aspect job, there is a huge variety of complex body part materials to choose from. economical factors and technology criteria have been traditionally the primary tail of pick of braid materials. Construction materials were selected against the requirements a crav ed life span, and a program of requirements and codes based on the characteristics of the material concerned such strength, viscosity, elasticity, bending moment, etc.Rapid depletion of vivid resources required for social organization materials has however forced a change in perspectives. The focus has now shifted to ecological, wellness and ethical considerations. Making a pickax decision based only on human judgment and past experience, taking all added aspects into consideration, becomes almost an impossible task. According to (Pearce, et. al. , 2001) it was essential that some new mechanism of assessing the available construction materials for the highest utility of the specific project was required.The mechanism would have to evaluate the alternatives on the basis of their technical properties and court parameters but also on the basis of the status of their availability in the ecosystem in the long-term context and from the perspective of pictorial resources. Such a ho ar gumentic method could be implemented only through a Decision Support System. The DSS will have to provide all necessity information to enable the decision shaping machine to take the most optimal decision keeping not only the technical and economical parameters under consideration, but also balancing the right degree of accent mark on the environment and sustainability aspect.To achieve such an objective in the design of a Decision Support System the following development graduations will have to be undertaken 1. Sustainability will have to be defined for the selection of construction material. 2. Based on the definition of sustainability developed, a methodology has to be developed for selection and comparison of the alternative construction materials that are available. 3. The methodology for selection will have to be automated by development of a Develop a conceptual framework for a Sustainability Decision Support System (SDSS). Defining SustainabilityThe United Nations World Commission on surround and emergence defines sustainable development as development keeping the concerns of the future(a) in sight. Sustainable development is that development that meets the requirements of the put in generation without in any way endangering or compromising the scope for development of future generations. (WCED, 1987). Sustainability is therefore the concept of meeting correspond requirements in such a manner that the resources that go to fulfill the present requirement can also be utilized to meet similar requirements in the long run.In an opposite(prenominal) words, it is handling the present with an eye on the future. This concept of sustainability works on the inherent principle that human development is a going process that has to sustained at a pace at which the limited resources available in the domain can slow cope with. A fine but oftentimes simplified example could be that of utilization of timber in the making of any civil construction. The dec ision maker will not only have to select the timber the quality of which is capable for the construction in terms of strength, expected durability, etc.but will also have to chink that the made is a type of timber that is not endangered or on the verge of being extinct, a type that is easily available in the area of the construction with no threat to its future. The next question that could face the decision maker is whether timber, considering the depletion rate of natural resources, should be used at all. And if timber is not used then what are the other available alternatives that could be used in the place of timber?The Decision Support System will have to be able to assist the decision maker in making these crucial decisions by providing structured and easy access to all relevant information. Sustainability is therefore a system with stability at its core. Changes to the system are not unrestrained but constrained so that a stable continuance of the system is maintained in th e long run. Sustainability is very important for the construction assiduity because constructions have a very high impact on the ecology and the environment.The spate who make decisions in the construction industry literally hold fate in their hands in the sense that considered and logical decisions based on sustainability go a long way in protecting and preserving the environment that in turn sustains human kind. Decision makers at different levels in the construction industry therefore have to make judicious selection of construction material in order fulfill the present requirements without negatively affecting the requirements of others or putting at stake the very existence of the human race on this earth.The main goals that a DSS has to meet in selecting of construction materials based on sustainability are to improve the selection process of the construction material during the conceptual stage itself and to promote the use of innovative materials which could have more sus tainable properties than the traditional materials that are currently in use. Sustainability factor in Construction Materials With regards to construction materials, bankers acceptance of sustainable selection criteria would imply the following i. Matter and energy breathing in should be minimized ii.Minimum level of human satisfaction should be maintained. iii. There should be minimum negative environmental effects. Any lawsuit to minimize the usance of matter and energy has to target minimizing entropy gain and intergenerational of equity objectives. It has to be unbroken in mind that the process of consumption increases the entropy of materials and energy making them unsuaitable for use in the future (Roberts, 1994 Rees, 1990). The basic tenet of sustainability and sustainable material selection would therefore be maximizing utilization and minimizing consumption of matter and energy.In laymens language this translates into doing more with less. Doing more with less however has to be equilibrate with maximizing human satisfaction with the less of matter and energy that is being consumed in the process. Unless the satisfaction of people is achieved, sustainability would run into a dead end. People and users will not accept changes necessary to make the world a better place to live in unless they are satisfied by the results of those measures. Ensuring the satisfaction of people therefore becomes an integral part of sustainability.A part that is closely connected with economics as, in our economy-driven society, people are satisfied only when there is assurance that their economic interests will not only be safeguarded but also enhanced appreciably. Minimization of courts, maximization of comfort and safety and edification of the human spirit should be the ideal objectives in the process of selection of construction materials (Day, 1990). It all boils down to the sustainability of the human race which in turn makes it essential to ensure the sustainabi lity and preservation of the ecosystem.The sustainability of the ecosystem is ensured when emphasis is put on maintaining biodiversity, species habitat is left dispassionate and environmental deterioration and pollution are brought under control. The design objective of any DSS for selection of construction materials on the basis of sustainability will thus have to make these three global presumptions less consumption of energy and matter, high human satisfaction and minimal negative effect on the environment.A set of prosody of sustainability based on the definition of sustainability has to be developed for the construction materials. The metrics would then have to be adapted into an approach for comparing alternative materials to help in the selection process. Classification of Sustainability Attributes The next step in designing a Decision Support System for sustainable selection of construction materials would be take the attributes of sustainability and develop a system or ta xonomy for classifying them into the categories of technology, ecology, economics and ethics.Since technology is utilized to build construction facilities, it is imperative that sustainable technologies are applied. Carpenter (1994) defines sustainable technologies as technologies that do not harm the environment in any way and are based on the concept of renewing, reusing and recycling materials. Materials have to grant to sustainability by building up suitable technologies. For a specific use, the measure of a materials adaptability to sustainable technology is obtained by the extent to which the material is able to meet the required technical performance.Span, reliability, ability to re calendar method and resistance to decay and damage are other technology-related indicators. Ecological sustainability can be achieved through material selection if the objective of material selection is to minimize environmental damage and degradation over the entire lifecycle of the material rig ht from the stage in which the raw material is extracted to the final stage of either disposing the material or adopting it for reuse through the process of recycling.Of particular importance in the consideration of sustainability is the way the material will affect the ecology. The domain of all human activities comprises the natural ecological systems which provide all the raw materials to meet the varied requirements of human beings (Norton 1994). Thus, integrity of the systems has to be maintained in order to ensure the continues availability of raw materials in the form of ecological resources. The search of viable alternatives for limited natural resources leads us to the realm of economic sustainability.Alternative resources that can be developed at minimal cost to the society have to be maintained and identified by the Decision Support System. The total life cycle cost of a project depends on the life cycle costs of the constituent construction materials. Selection of const ruction materials based on the lowest life cycle cost ultimately brings down the life cycle cost of the entire construction project. Manufacturing, transportation, assembly, maintenance and disposal or recycling costs determine the lifecycle cost of a construction material.These lifecycle costs in turn determine the economic sustainability of a construction material. The talk over point of sustainability is adopting a futuristic view. The concern is not only with meeting the needs of the present generation but at the same time ensuring that resource utilization is done in such a way that it is possible to retain, invest and convert them in such a way that there is no scarcity to meet the requirements of the future generations (Daly & Cobb 1994). This is the principle behind the ethics of sustainability.The attributes of ethical sustainability are the extent of depletion of natural resources that utilization of the material could represent, extent to use the material can be reused a nd to which nonrenewable resources the material can be used as a substitute (Norton, 1994). The Decision Support System therefore has to base its classification of sustainability attributes on the taxonomy of technology utilized, maintenance of ecological balance, economic feasibility and ethical concerns for the future of human kind.The vast scope and complexity of such a DSS can be appreciated when we take all these factors into consideration. Determining the Indicators of Sustainability The DSS for construction materials selection has to consider indicators of sustainability of construction materials with respect to the three global objectives of sustainable development resource consumption, human satisfaction and environmental impact. The more exhaustive the list of indicators, the more the DSS will tend towards perfection.Indicators could be as varied and wide ranging as the scale on which the gather is done, whether infrastructure for harvesting is available, how accessible the raw materials are, the extent of processing the material has to be out through, how renewable the materials, maintainability, toxicity, market determine of comparable resources, etc. Each indicator has to be correlated with the sustainability of the material, and the correlation determined through esthesia analysis and indexed and rated so that comparison of the materials is possible to the minutest details.Selection of indicators of sustainability of the materials therefore assumes great importance in any DSS. Database or knowledge base development in this respect has to systematic and incremental throughout the development cycle. precondition of the context of use also holds equal importance in the determination of sustainability of any construction material. contextual indicators could be as apparent as the availability and use of ice blocks in the poles and sand in the deserts. But these indicators could also be user specific, condition specific or site characteristic spe cific.Context modifiers therefore have to be built into any DSS. It is the context modifiers that make the sustainability ratings of construction materials for each project unique. Decision makers set threshold values in heuristics databases which enable them to specify the values that they want to be calculated. Edwards et al. (1994) and Greene (1994) give examples of techniques in transportation systems in which the energy required to transport a particular material from one place to another for various modes of transport can be calculated for different modes or types of transport. Materials Selection adopting the Rational Actor ApproachThe Rational Actor Approach is centered on the principal assumption that if human decision makers are provided with complete information on the possible results and options in the choices that they have to make, they would choose the optimal alternative, or the option with the maximum possibility of turning out to be the outcome that is most cheri shed or desired. This being true, the goal of the DSS is to enable the decision maker to select construction materials as per their sustainability so that the vast majority of the materials selected for construction are sustainable materials.The rational actor model has three phases (Simon, 1983) flesh 1 Determining all choices that are possible. Phase 2 Analyzing every choice for the consequences that it they may lead to. Phase 3 Finally choosing an alternative that is rated as the best based on considerations of utility and the most probable consequence or output.. In the DSS, the Rational Actor Model can be foster fine tuned by the adoption of a few modifications. First, the material alternatives that are obviously not suitable for the project element could be pruned off the database based on classification of materials according to some attached standards.The software will therefore prune materials such as ceramic tiles when considering the construction of a unveiling footin g column. This eliminates the possibility of users ignoring feasible but unfamiliar materials. A second modification could be the grounding of user weightings for each sustainability attribute. The weightings are a way of personalizing or customizing the system. Input of the weightings accord the methodology follow in the system higher acceptability for the user who provides the weightings. The weightings also enable customization of the sustainability of the final design product.(Pearce, et. al. , 2001). The uniform stages of the methodology adopted with modifications can now be defined for the Decision Support System. In its start step, the methodology generates the alternatives that would be available for making the selection. This is a comprehensive set of alternatives that could include all the materials available in the market. In its second stage, the clearly infeasible alternatives are pruned from the list of available alternatives through the application of some technic al performance thresholds or other heuristics.This would result in a set of alternations that are all feasible for the application under consideration. The crucial third step consists of the Decision Support System ranking the alternatives based on the sustainability and utility of the material for the use that it is intended for. At this juncture, the decision maker feeds in his weights for each attribute of sustainability as per the priority that particular attribute holds for the decision maker.Manufacturer information and other sources determine the values for the sustainability attributes of each material, and a normalized value is worked out for each value of the attributes. The weights and normalized values for the sustainability attributes of each material are then multiplied and added together to produce the index of subjective utility for that material. A ranking of the alternatives is developed by sorting their utility values. The Decision Support System then outputs the alternative with the highest utility value to the user.The decision maker is at liberty to choose the highest ranked alternative for the particular application or any other alternative as he or she may declare suitable from the point of view of cognitive abilities and professional experience. The DSS then moves on to take up other design elements for consideration. From the Decision Makers Point of View From the decision makers or users point of view, the decision maker has to first feed in a list of the design components that have been conceptualized for the construction.Values for relevant parameters that describe the conceptual design and the decision making have to be fed in. The DSS uses these values to generate a list of feasible materials for each design element from the materials database of the DSS utilizing heuristics for material selection from the internal logic or knowledge base of the DSS. After the DSS generates a list of feasible materials for each element, it queri es the decision maker for the personalized weightings for the sustainability attributes.The Sustainability Index Calculator calculates the values of the sustainability attributes for each feasible material. An Amalgamator module of the DSS amalgamates the weightings of the decision maker with the sustainability attribute values for each material that could be utilized and sorts the materials according to their individual rankings. The DSS recommends the material with the highest rating to the decision maker who is free to either accept the recommendation of the Decision Support System or to opt for an alternative from the list of alternatives provided by the DSS.Conclusions The Decision Support System for the selection of construction materials on the basis of sustainability therefore analyzes the feasible materials for each element of a construction from a wide range of perspectives. The factors that influence the ultimate output of the Decision Support System incorporate the techn ologies and economies of construction processes, the characteristics of the applicable materials, ecological and environmental concerns, sustainability aspects, and most important of all, the professional and personal preferences of the user or the decision maker.Each of these factors by themselves could constitute individual expert systems. The complexity and sophistication of such decision support systems can thus be appreciated along with their great utility in helping decision makers to make crucial decisions. References -01 Carpenter, S. , 1994, Sustainable Communities. School of commonplace Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Daly, H. , E. , and Cobb, J. , B. , Jr. , 1994, For the Common Good, 2nd ed. radio beacon Press, Boston.Day, C. , 1990, Places of the Soul. Aquarian Press, San Francisco, CA. Druzdzel, Marek, J. , & Flynn, Roger, R. , 2002, Decision Support Systems, Decision Systems Laboratory, School of Information Sciences and Intelligent Systems Program , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Edwards, P. ,J. , Stewart, P. ,J, Eilenberg, I. , M. , and Anton, S. , 1994, Evaluating Embodied Energy Impacts in Buildings near Research Outcomes and Issues, in Kibert, C. , ed. Sustainable Construction. CIB TG 16, Tampa, FL, Nov. 6-9, pp. 173-182. Greene, D. , L. , 1994, Transportation and Energy, Transportation Quarterly, v. 48, n. 1, Norton, B, G. , 1994, Sustainability Two Competing Paradigms.Texas A&M Conference. School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Pearce, Annie, R. , Hastak, M. , Vanegas, Jorge, A. , 2001, A Decision Support System for Construction Materials Selection using Sustainability as a Criterion, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.Rees, W. , E. , 1990, The Ecology of Sustainable Development, The Ecologist, v. 20, n. 1. Roberts, D. V. , 1994, Sustainable Development A Challenge for the Engineering Profession, in Ellis, M. , D. , ed. The Role of Engineering in Sustainable Development. American connectedness of Engineering Societies, Washington, DC. Sage, Andrew, P. , 1991, Decision Support Systems Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York. WCED United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. ,1987, Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

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