Diabetes mellitus type II care and management Term Paper

Diabetes mellitus type II care and management - Term Paper manakinAll these details are given below, reading which, will provide a clearer insight around the disease to the patients thereby increasing their awareness about it and also how to effectively manage this serious ailment. impertinent the people who suffer from type 1 diabetes, who does not at produce insulin, people with type 2 produce insulin but might not make adequate insulin or the body cannot use it intimately enough to manage blood abrasion levels (called as insulin impedance). When the pancreas does not produce the required levels of insulin to manage the glucose, the outcome increase can enter your body cells confidential information to host of problems. As far as insulin resistance is concerned, insulin will not be able to play its role properly because the bodys cells ride out unaffected by it (The importance of monitoring blood-glucose levels, n. d). Diabetes Type 2 and the resultant high blood sugar can cause series of ailments including heart disease, kidney failure, stroke, diabetic retinopathy affecting eyes, poor blood flow to the legs leading to amputations in certain cases, another(prenominal)s. This presents a grave scenario for the patients. At the same time, although, there is no permanent be cured _or_ healed for this type 2 diabetes, it can be managed by eating aptly, exercising, and through medications or insulin therapy.Some patients pang from type 2 diabetes will be able achieve their target glucose levels through apt nutriment management and effective exercise alone, however, majority of the sufferers will need oral diabetes medications or injection-based insulin therapy. The best suitable medication would differ from patient to patient because it depends on the individuals blood sugar level, their response to the initial treatment, other health problems, and so on, with doctors even prescribing a gang of drugs from different classes. In that direction, doctors are prescribing a combination of metformin and glyburide to help body cope up with high

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Operations management - Essay ExampleThe intended audience of the article ar find management authority in companies and organizations. The text is approved by the Institute of Publishers in Germany. The article specify the term risk management that might help organizations to identify some of the potential risk that be likely to face a company. The text is related to the risk concepts and themes based on the ways in which risk can interfere the functionality and operations of a business. Additionally, the major strength of the article is that the research headland on risk management overview is well defined. One limitation of the article is that it does not address decent ways of managing risk.The article asserts that the objective of the risk management is reducing various risks that are related to the pre-selected cranial orbit to those that are acceptable. Additionally, it may entail various threats that are caused by technology, environment, politics, humans, and organiz ations. Additionally, the paper explains that the risks are not motiveless to avoid and is present in each situation of human. The risks are present in daily operations, private, and familiar sector companies. Therefore, irrespective of the risk context, risk management is generally universal in either proficient or stakeholder causes. The author of this article is a lecturer of university of Chicago. The intended audience of the article are risk management oversight committee in parastatals and other government offices. The New York publishers approve the text. The article defined the term risk management that might help organizations to identify some of the potential risk that are likely to face a company. The text is related to the risk concepts and themes based on the ways in which risk can interfere the functionality and operations of a business. Additionally, the major strength of the article is that the research

Saudi Arabian press during the occurrence of the events in Bahrain Dissertation

Saudi-Arabian Arabian press during the occurrence of the events in Bahrain from 14th February to sixteenth March 2011 - Dissertation ExampleContent analysis, in relation to the Bahrains conflict, of the two leading Saudi Arabian newspapers namely, Alriyadh and Alyoum was carried out by employing a constructed week approach for the entire period of occurrence of these events. The results of this heart and soul analysis revealed that the coverage of the events in Bahrain by the Saudi Press was, to a great extent, dependent on the Saudi Press Agency as a result of the constraints imposed over the press in the kingdom by the Saudi Arabian information policy. The news related to the Bahraini events mostly appeared to be positive in tone and also, tended to support the agenda and interests of the government of Saudi Arabia linked to the political and egalitarian position of Bahrain that particularly involve the status of the shiahs in the country. The findings of the content analysis ded uced that the Saudi press failed to influence its ideal role in the coverage of the events in Bahrain since it was extensively monitored, regularized and censored and thereby, was not completely go off and trustworthy. Thus, it is recommended that the press regulations should not be imposed by an external body instead they should better rise up from the press itself.

Journal III Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal III - Research Paper ExampleIn life of his emphasis on the imagination, Lefebvre elucidated why people relate sequent killing to cannibalism, but did not interrelate to films depicting such themes. Hence, he wanted to establish facts out of the imagination, not through the actual thematic presentation but by way of the figure, which represents the poetic and imaginary logic, from where an individual draws his or her conception of the represent (Lefebvre 43). The film Monster by Patty Jenkins relates to the reading since it is a story about a sapphic woman, who was compelled to become a prostitute to survive, and later on became a serial killer because of her uncontrollable plague to men. Aileen, the prostitute turned serial killer, became a victim of her own memory and lived a life of disappointment because of her past the terrible past that left her yearning for love the love that she found in Selby. Aileen warrant her wrongdoings by deeming them as acts of surviv al with her life already cosmos torn apart. In the end, despite alone the sacrifices, despite earning the money she needed for her and Selby to survive, Aileen was again left with no one by her side and was betrayed. Aileen was remand and executed for being a serial killer, and now there was no point to life for her. In a major way, there is this connection between the serial killer in Monster and the serial killer that Lefebvre described in his written piece. The serial killer in Lefebvres description was cause to kill for no reason, and Aileen killed some of her victims only because of anguish and despair and not because of hatred to the individual being victimized. Therefore, she had no substantial reason whatsoever to kill some of her victims. In another way, the film company Monster by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato also forms a connection with Lefebvres idea of the modern mean solar day serial killer, which is to him the locus memoriae of cannibalism (58). Although there was no serial killing involved, the film showed how the imagination of Michael Alig brought him to the world of medicate addiction and to committing a crime that ended his position as the leader of the fabulous and popular meeting fellowship kids. Michael Alig was blinded by fame and was drowned by it. All he wanted was to be himself and to show what he could do, but he ended up struggling to prove something. Cannibalism or serial killing may not be the theme of the film but it leaves a message in regard to the implication of loving oneself and to staying away from things that could bring harm to oneself and to others. Drugs turned out to be the reason why the party kids were insanely partying, and drugs were also the cause of the lead characters downfall. There may be no cannibalism or serial killing, but the act of drug addiction may be managened to the act of killing oneself slowly every single day for no justifiable reason. A person addicted to drugs is like feeding on hi s own meat, nourishing it with medicine that brings it to bereavement. The metaphor queers that kill was formed because of homosexuality. Homosexuality is viewed by some as a termite eating beneath the surface to inflict damage on the foundations of society. Some people deem homosexuals as a menace to society, which have to be killed, or be forced to live life the way it

Germany and the Germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the Germans class - set about ExampleAlthough honesty is considered a good quality in America, it is often the case that conversations lack directness, because Americans do not want to appear blunt and impolite.Environmental aw areness is a second stereotype that I believe to be accurate and good. Germans have strict rules about recycling trash and biodegradable packaging. Moreover, their cars are fuel-efficient. I picked this trait, because protecting nature is a positive characteristic. Even though there seems to be a change in America towards a more environmentally friendly culture, I still intend that Germans are more advanced in that field.The third and last stereotype that I believe to be accurate and positive is that Germans are often portrayed as rule abiding. For example, many German pedestrians applaud traffic rules and will not cross the street, when the traffic light is red, in time if there are no cars in sight. This is a positive trait, because it makes everyday life more civilized and safer. Americans also respect laws however, I am of the opinion that Americans sometimes have a tendency to ignore certain laws if they believe that it does not make sense to follow the rules, such as waiting at a red light, even though the street is

Case study on Western States University Hospital Essay

Case study on Western States University Hospital - prove ExampleIn the present case, the lack of nursing leadership is the main reason that information musical arrangement is not being used to its full potential. The importance of IT/IS system needs to disseminated amongst the employees so that they are competent to understand the vast potential of computer and how it would improve and improvise their performance outcome. The success of system could altogether realized when the people who are directly involved with the various aspects of the information, ensure that small effort from them would importantly impact the outcome of the necessary outcome. ABC system is fully capable of coordinating activities and ensuring smooth carrying out of the infirmary when details of patients are entered timely. While admitting clerks need to fill in the initial details of the patients, the hammock and transfer of patients need to be timely entered within the database by the nursing staff to produce updated reports of the patients. on that point is definitely huge room for improvement. The basic purpose of all business is to strive for improved performance. The hospital management must also ensure performance improvement through leadership initiatives that promote police squad building, shared goals and collective decision making. Indeed, performance measurement and improvement have increasingly become backbone issues in healthcare delivery. Meeting the needs and requirements of patients are the major objectives of effective healthcare delivery system.... Hence, in the present case, development of core performance improvement aggroup would help to motivate, inform and train the employees, leave-takingicularly nursing staff, in improving their individual and collective performance for improved results. The most appropriate theatrical role of PI team would be the one that understands that knowledge leads to empowerment so that people can need decisions based on in formed choices. Hence, team members must comprise of persons who have strong cross heathen understanding and understand the implicit and explicit importance of technology. The main goal of the team would be to bring up the areas where the creative inputs of the staff would impact on the performance. The necessary linkages like training of staff on new-sprung(prenominal) skills would also be part of PI team so that staff can keep up with the on-going changes within and outside the organizations and ensure perpetual improvement in their performance. Answer 3 Organizational social system of hospital is complex in its delivery of goals. Smooth operations within its various departments become circumstantial part of its success. The PI team of the hospitals should therefore, comprise of managers and leaders from different department. Nurses, physicians, administrators, clinicians, dieticians and pharmacists should be included. They should understand the need for continuous improveme nt of performance and have clearly defined goals for their team and provided with requisite knowledge skills to achieve their target. The team members must be educated on the need for coordinated efforts to achieve the wider goals and objectives of the hospitals. Nurses and physicians are intrinsic part of healthcare industry that is directly

Virginia State Local Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virginia State Local Government - Essay archetypeThe division, however, does not end with the cultural aspect. Statistics also show that those living in the northernmost part of the call down earn more and have a higher level of education than those at southern and southwesterly counties.The Commonwealth Institute, a liberal thinking organization focused on Virginia, reached more or less(prenominal) the same conclusions, focusing more, however, on the income inequalities in the state. Without saying explicitly that the people up north argon better off than their southern and southwestern counterparts, the institute found that there is a higher lucre gap between whites and Afri open fire-Americans in the state and this has not changed significantly since the late 1970s. This claim is supported by findings of experts that wages and salaries in the north are indeed higher than the rest of Virginia, where incidentally more African-Americans can be found.Given the existence of inequit y between northern and southern counties, an obvious solution to the fuss would actually be for the government to strive to make state of things equal, given the injustices and unfairness present in Virginia nowadays. However, the question is how do legislators go about doing thisFor one, legislators can push for the use of other gu

The nature of society, social class divisions, and upward mobility in Essay

The temper of society, social class divisions, and upward mobility in Pride and Prejudice and Great Expectations - Essay ExampleIt illustrates both convicts and lawyers who judge criminals in court hence an insinuation of the enlisted societal traits. In London prisons, Joe minds about their state. end-to-end the book, imagery concerning crime with affiliations to justice has been used greatly. The institutions set in the community that the story is based argon distinct, and Pip desires to live up to them. Pip decides to find a better way to life in the society out of crime (Dickens). He does this to avoid police traps, jails, and court. The statement insinuates of the extent to which crime and criminality versus innocence has penetrated the community. In addition, Magwitch together with Pip portray criminal character when they help each early(a) to evade police in relation to the case where they both commit a crime.With reference to disposition of societies, Pride and prejudice is a collection of a society with stringent norms and the entire episode revolves near love and class (Austen). Not much is said about crime or justice form like the one Dickens work put forward. The society here has segmented the class considerably adhered to and cannot be surpassed without regard to certain criteria and values. Like any society, the love stories in the piece are overflowing of drama about the mistrust from the start proceed to complete trust and eventual marriage (Dickens). Elizabeth is a proud woman, a virtue that makes her characterize Darcy imperfectly from the onset. In addition, the same is replicated by Darcy who is of a unalike social class from Elizabeth and as such has a different first impression. However, as they tag along, they win a lot from each other, and the setting enhances their standpoint enabling them to accommodate each other. The family of both step into a relationship and they try to control their actions threatening with destroying it. The society is tight with its rules. Contrary to the Great expectations hitch of reputation in society, Austens work is all about reputation in society.

Beneficiaries of U.S Social Programs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beneficiaries of U.S Social Programs - Term Paper object lessonThe social security program was created in 1935 with the purpose of providing pension benefits to retired senior citizens and disabled workers. The program in 1965 was expanded in order to provide medical insurance benefits known as Medic ar. The beneficiaries of the program are people over the age of 62 who worked during their lifetime a minimum of 40 trimesters. People who create physically or mentally disabled also qualify for social security benefits. The wife or husband of the beneficiary as well children under the age of 18 may qualify to gather in benefits. People that receive a low amount of social security derriere apply for additive help such as supplemental social security income (SSI). SSI gives these people an extra check to fall in for their living expenses. Senior citizens that receive social security income because of age have options to improve their standard of living. They can reenter the workforc e part time and still receive their social security income. The social security administration has many critics among the scholarly community. According to Bloice (2010) the US congress is conspiring to lower the benefits the future generation of senior citizens. A second program that is available in the United States to help feed people in lack is welfare.

Trade and environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Trade and environment - probe ExampleRules formed by one party can frustrate the other in point there is an existing fear that trade rules whitethorn be frustrating the environmental ones. This essay focuses on the question whether trade rules override the environmental ones.The non-discrimination principle by WTO whitethorn not favorable to restrictions that may be imposed by environmental rules. The principle requires countries to offer equal treatment to products that are same imported from any WTO member country. If in a certain region the trade of such a product poses a threat to the environment, then terms of trade are likely to change at a time such a region is faced with environmental rules.To some extent the WTO is considered superior based on its scope of coverage, this has left the negotiations on the trade and environmental rules to be narrowed down to only the WTO members that wear signed the Multilateral Environmental Agreement under consideration. Further the ma jority MEA secretariats have been granted observership in the trade and environment committee and some attend the committees negotiation sessions by invitation. (Frankel, Jeffrey 2008). This may be attributed to the fact that there is no such a thing as an empowered orbicular environmental body spearheading their concerns to their trade partners on issues that affect them.The benefits of trade which majorly includes steering economic growth, together with applied science transfer and promoting competition outweigh the danger of adverse effects to the environment. It is also notable that trade may lead to environmental improvements, but it may also make states or firms to seek gaining advantage over their competitors by observing lower environmental standards. To many environmentalists this poses a potential source of conflict among trade and environmental rules and presents a hindrance to the goals that they want to achieve noting the climatic changes we

In what ways does a consideration of interdependence challenge the Essay

In what ways does a consideration of interdependence take exception the realist analysis of the prospects for transnational co-operation in pursuit of absolute gains - Essay ExampleThe really fact that a new world order has emerged following the collapse of Soviet Union in particular and the commie Bloc in general demands a shift in our focus of attention while analysing the interactions of the states. The very nature of nation-states itself has profoundly changed. The mutations on sovereignty of nation-states, which are caused by neoliberal globalisation, are unprecedented and on the face of it irreversible. New institutions have emerged at the international level and they exert greater influence over the polity formulations even by the nation-states that are marginally integrated to the world market.Tradionally, the international system has been indeed seen as a world of sovereign states. States have the monopoly of power within a given territory and arrogate to represent the interests of the subjects of its rule. A state is primary unit at the international level. Constitutional independence is a defining character of a legitimate state. All states are considered equal in front of the international law. As opposed to the theoretical situation, we can see that the interactions between and among the states at the international level do involves relations of power. Many theorists of international politics have observed that powerful states are able to represent their desired ends to the international laws and mobilise what they want from the other states that have lesser resources.The very conception of political is different for realism and liberalism. The political is conceived as the means to certain ideals in liberal theory such as democracy and liberty. Antagonistically, realism sees politics as characterised by conflict. Realism is also known as political realism. Classical realism, neorealism and neoclassical realism are the major varieties of re alist thinking. On the other hand, liberal

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 20

Report - Essay Exampleon and agenda (reference, appendices) remember to look at the recommendations so that you take the necessary steps as we concur during our last focus group discussion.Internews Free and Fair Media architectural plan focuses on election related issues. The program aims to monitor a number of radio stations in the state to asses their coverage of the electioneering diaphragm that is Pre-election period, Election Campaign period, Polling Day and the day the Results were announced.This monitoring project involves monitoring insecure speech in the media and the role of the media in promoting peace and conflict mitigation. There are different media topics being covered including, including gender, dangerous speech, issue based coverage, fairness and balance.The key out looks into the challenges that the radio station faced and recommendations that when implemented could improve the situation. The report also documents the findings by the media monitors in the per iod 1st January 9th March 2013. All cases of reported speech were one by one verified.The geographical scope of the content covered was primarily national. This survey indicates that in most of the programs monitored, it is male voices that were prevailing as both journalists and sources of information. In terms of political party coverage, Cord Coalition received frequently airtime compared to other political parties with campaigns and rallies emerging as the popular source of coverage.This report aims to finding out if KBC Swahili radio set station management and journalists adherence to the professional code of acquire, that is the journalism code of conduct and the electoral bodys guidelines pertaining coverage of its activities as stipulated in the constitution.The free and fair media program supports a group of media institutions and mainstream media outlets to report fairly and responsibly in matters relating to electoral process. By doing so, these institutions will be contend a positive role of

What are fusion centers and how are these a part of homeland security Research Paper

What are fusion centers and how are these a part of country of origin security Are they effective - Research Paper ExampleThis goal can only be achieved successfully when the local law enforcement agencies work together with the federal intelligent agencies by manduction any(prenominal) holy terror in course of instructionation. This was clearly stressed in the 9/11 commission report. Former US hot seat George, W. Bush on August 3, 2007 signed the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007. With reference to the 9/11 Commission Act, the department of homeland security should have formal discussions with program directors of schooling communion context and the attorney general so as to create a state, local, and regional fusion centers initiates (Abbott and Hetzel,2010). The centers are made up of representatives from local law enforcement, state and federal agencies. Federal intelligence officers also form part of the centers. When the centers get any threat information from the federal gov ernment, it is their task to analyze the information, ensure the information is disseminated to the local agencies then gather inside information they have received, leads given and the suspicious activity account by the public and also local agencies.The idea of fusion has sprung up as the most of the essence(predicate) process to enhance the ability of share information that assists in providing homeland security and also sharing of any information that helps in knowing of any criminal activities taking place and also sharing of intelligence (Abbott and Hetzel, 2010). The fusion process involves a comprehensive process of controlling the flow of any threat information and intelligence through different levels and sectors of the buck private agencies and the government. After receiving information from various sources, that is the public, law enforcement agencies, and the private sector agencies the information is then analyzed and afterwards turned into applicable knowledge. Fu sion centers do non merge all federal databases that reveal personally recognizable information with

Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

sorb - Essay ExampleI have very good recommendations from my professors. I currently have a GPA of 3.0. During the course of my work, I am interested in doing a Masters in Human Resources in California. This great work experience and knowledge will en subject me to accomplish greater goals and promote perfection for the Kingdom of Saudi-Arabian Arabia.My skills include my abilities to speak more than one language, English and Arabic. I am a native citizen of Saudi Arabia from Dammam. My family name is Al-Dosssary. I am skillful in managing mass in the department. Based on my prior experience working at British Airways in Saudi Arabia, I have solved numerous issues with people. For example, I have managed passengers who have overload weight of baggage. My stem to them was to assist them with strategies of how to decrease the weight by putting some of the weight in their handbag. With this solution, the passenger was able to fly safely without paying extra and I was able to not go above or beyond the company policy limit of bags lower than 23 kilos.I thank you for your attention in reading my letter and I am open to having further continuing relationship. Enclosed, is a copy of my resume. I thank you for your attention. You can call me during normal Business Hours from Monday-Friday at my cell-phone (720) 421-8371 or at

Do Family Medicine doctors have the same results as Specialists Essay

Do Family Medicine doctors have the equal results as Specialists (Endocrinologist) for diabetic Patients - Essay ExampleThis issue has to be controlled. The best way to do that is by means of ensuring that the areas of its concentration are identified and awareness created to the people.This paper will be open to explain much on the diabetes epidemic. It will be able to tackle on the ways the people with the job digest be able to control it. It will also give ways on how to be able to care for the people who are already affected with the disease (Ede and Jackson 32).Chronic diseases like diabetes endue multiple comorbidities and have signifi potbellyt medical and economic implications. The different effects do cause a significant problem to the patients. Diabetes can be able to cause a significant loss to the patients and scour make their general health in a big risk (Gde, Lund-Andersen and Parving 582).The different medication that is employ for the treatment of this diseas e can have different effects to the patients. These effects can either be positive or negative (Hills and Parizkova 269). It is the responsibility of the patient to be able to ensure the medication is taken in the right way and is combined with a good diet. Some of the effects are as shown below.One of the common effects of the disease is Sulfonylureas. It is whereby the patient face issues like stomach disturb, low declivity pressure, weight gain and skin rash. This problem may be able to make the person uncomfortable. It talent also cause obesity if the person is not careful with the diet (Jacobson 426).Another problem that can be able to attack the patients is Metformin. It will be able to make the patient suffer from kidney complications, upset stomach, tiredness, alcohol sickness, metal taste or dizziness (Keller and Heymsfied 1069). Diabetes medication is also known for causing Meglitinides. The symptoms of this problem include weight gain and low blood pressure. These sy mptoms may be able to lead other issues

Is trust really required to be an effective leader Literature review - 1

Is go for really required to be an effective leader - Literature review ExampleTrust in focusing the role of employee share arrangements and perceived managerial opposition to unionsTrust in management is an fragment that is critical for an organization to foster. Trust has been found to contribute positive attitude towards valued expire behaviors, and behavioural citizenship to the organization. (Dirks and Ferrin, 2002). Cooperation is a judging key element on how the employees relate with the management. The study is about the relativeship betwixt the voice of the employee arrangement and the trustfulness of the employee in management. The literature of the employee relations and the social exchange theory is what brings the voice arrangements in an organization.The article also looks on the higher side to examine the EVA and the trust of employees in management relationship. EVA forms one means of participation and involvement and form part of HR practices and policies of a n organization. (Tzafrir et al., 2004). The context of the national relation of employment is critical any relationship evaluation between trust and EVA given the mimetic and the normative pressures the actors are placed on. (Boxall and Purcell, 2011).In conclusion to this article, Union voice which is the provision of a two-way conference between the employees and management through the presence of a union which is incorporated with trust in the work place.Trust and quality management Perspectives from merchandising and organizational learnednessIn this article trust as a concept is elaborated by comparing with quality management of traditional value. Organizational learning and marketing relationship are the bases of approaching trust in this area where it is a frequent element. The settle is to create a trust framework based particularly on organizational learning and marketing relationship. Trust has been importantly recognized as a concept in marketing relationship. As trus t is component that is more important in every

The Role of Culture in English Language Teaching Essay Example for Free

The Role of Culture in position Langu years Teaching essayEnglish Language is traditionally viewed as a code made up of words and a series of rules that connect them together. Language learning here, involves just vocabulary learning, and the rules for constructing proper sentences. In most schools in Meghalaya, grammar is organism taught at a very early age and students are expected to understand Byzantine idiomatic phrases at the warrantary level. Linguistic terminologies, rules of grammar, complex vocabulary, proverbs and their kernels have to be learnt by heart for them to cut across their board examinations. Such a situation only confuses the learners at a very early age and demotivates them from learning any further than what they have to write in their examinations. This narrow understanding of lyric poem sees it as a body of knowledge which is fixed and finite and does not explore the complexities involved in use phrase for communication.When row is seen as op en, dynamic, energetic, constantly evolving and personal (Shohamy, 20075) it acknowledges the rich complexities of communication. Language is no longer a thing to be studied exactly rather, a way of seeing, understanding and communicating about the gentleman and each vocabulary user will use his actors line differently to do this. Such an grow view will make the educational process more engaging. The communicative progress to teaching emphasizes elements of communication, including talks of meaning, expression, and interpretation (Brown 2000).Speaking is not the only skill that communicative wrangle teaching focuses on but to a fault involves reading, writing, grammar, and destination (Lee VanPatten, 2003). Brown (2007) as well adds that students in such classrooms need to use the target wording in a meaningful con textual matter. The purpose of Communicative language teaching is to improve the learners knowledge of the second language, as well as how to use it appropria tely in a given context (Li Song, 2007). Learners let the second language through interaction with others rather than rote memorization and grammar rule learning.Language is first of all and foremost a tool for purposeful communication and this involves learning the vocabulary and the rules of how to use them in various heathen contexts. Hence, language does not imply a body of knowledge to be learnt but a social practice in which to social occasionicipate (Kramsch, 1994). It is something that people do in their daily lives, something that they use to express, bring in and interpret meanings and to establish and brinytain social and inter-personal sexual congressships. Learners can no longer be seen as dormant recipients of knowledge, but rather, active participants in a dynamic, complex, personal communication system. Language learning should involve them lecture analytically about language, exploring and discovering the ways in which it works in order to create and conve y meanings.On the surface, culture can be seen as a body of knowledge that we have about a particular society. These may include cultural artefacts, tools, institutions, rituals, dress, food etc. On a deeper level, culture is a framework in which people live their lives and communicate shared meanings with each other. Creating and interpreting meaning constantly happens at heart this cultural framework wherein both cultures simultaneously influence the learners understanding. attainment to communicate in English involves an awareness of the ways in which culture inter-relates with language whenever it is used.Many scholars today believe that culture and language are inseparable and culture learning must be an integral part of language learning. concord to Kramsch (1993) there are three ways how language and culture are bound together. Firstly, language expresses cultural reality (people express ideas, facts and reflect their attitudes through words). Secondly, language embodies c ultural reality (it helps people give meaning and understand their own experiences). And thirdly, language symbolizes cultural reality (it serves as a social identity for people).Learning a second language necessarily involves comparison with the learners first language, but the latter is generally perceive as causing interference in the learning of the target language. So, students are taught to imitate, practice drills, and create utterance habits without addressing the larger complexities of language learning. In the language classroom, learners do not only learn about a culture but they try to understand themselves in relation to that culture. This process entails the transformational engagement of the learner in the act of learning. Students bring with them their own conceptions, misconceptions, experiences, feelings and understanding to the classroom, and as they interact with another culture, their views will continue to convert and shape their learning as well as their id entity. The diverse cultural understandings and experiences of the students are highly important and therefore need to be taken into account.There are many approaches to teaching culture in language learning. Saluveer (2004) has divided them into two broad categories Those that focus only on the culture of the target language (mono-cultural approach) and those that are based on comparing the learners own and the other culture (comparative approach). Risager (1998) describes quaternary approaches to teaching of culture, namely, the intercultural approach, the multicultural approach, the trans-cultural approach, and the foreign-cultural approach. Of these, the intercultural approach seem most appropriate for a deal on Khasi-dominated classrooms as it draws upon the idea that culture is best learned through comparison of the target and the learners own culture. Though the main focus is on the target culture, the intercultural approach emphasizes the connections between the two cultu res, thereby developing the learners intercultural and communicative competences, and enabling them to act as mediators between the two cultures.Saluveer (2004) points out two categories of foreign language textbooks used in English language classrooms Global textbooks which cover issues which appeal to people from different cultural backgrounds and include topics that can be range anywhere and Locally produced textbooks which include materials which are consistent with the requirements of the national class and such books usually uphold learners awareness of both their own cultural identity and the target culture. Analysis of the current English textbooks be used by schools would prove to be very useful for the record.According to the subject field Curriculum modeling (NCF), 2005 the goals for a second language curriculum are attainment of basic proficiency and the development of language into an instrument for abstract thought and knowledge acquisition through literacy. It believes that children learn much bring out in holistic situations that make sense rather than a linear and additive way that often has no meaning. Rich and comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition of the different skills of language.The NCF (2005) encourages a multi-lingual approach to schooling near from the beginning of a childs education. It states that the success of English medium schools shows that language is learnt when it is not being taught as a language but rather, through exposure in a meaningful context. It is in like manner of the opinion that input-rich communicational milieus are essential for effective language learning. This includes learner chosen texts, parallel books and materials in more than one language, multi-media, authentic materials and so on. It states that a variety of materials should be available to provide an input-rich curriculum which focuses on meaning.The textbooks of Meghalaya have been recently revised as per the directives of th e NCF 2005 wherein the focus is on developing an activity-based communicative approach towards teaching and learning. They have tried to incorporate culturally authentic materials which are relevant to the present(prenominal) environment of the child. The NCF 2005 has suggested the use of locally available resources such as folklore, storytelling, community singing and theatre. Listening should also be enriched with music such as folk, classical and popular compositions.Today, there is a unanimous agreement amongst scholars that instructors should flux language and culture into their classrooms and they should not perceive them as two separate entities. Language is seen as part of culture and culture a part of language, which is why they cannot be separated and should be taught together. (Brown , 2007) Hence, we need to better our understanding of learners, recognize differences in their social and cultural worlds their experiences, motivations and aspirations, and incorporate t his diversity into our teaching and learning. When students communicate in such a classroom, they become both participants and observers of ideas, expressions, feelings and experiences, thereby engendering a greater awareness of themselves in relation to others.Research ProblemStudents of Shillong vary widely in terms of language use in their homes and communities depending on their socio-economic backgrounds. A major challenge faced by teachers today is enabling economically-disadvantaged tribal students to communicate efficaciously in English at the school level. The ones who are privileged enough to attend expensive multicultural English medium schools communicate withdrawionally well compared to the under-privileged majority of students.The word-knowledge before they come to school also varies accordingly and greatly influences how they perform in the later levels of school. If there is a significant gap in the vocabulary at the primary level, it will widen as the student prog resses. Such students become low-down readers and consequently, they read less, thereby learning fewer new words. They usually do not develop eloquence even in the later stages of education, either in speaking or writing. On the other hand, students with unafraid vocabulary generally read more, thereby learning more words and improving their reading skills (Stanovich, 1986).This down spiral is especially true with students from rural areas. They are hardly exposed to any English text except those which are essential in school and there is no opportunity for them to converse in English. Similarly, urban English-medium schools which are predominantly mono-lingual harbour secondary level students who generally avoid using English, except in situations when they have to. An inferiority complex coupled with intense peer pressure usually seals their mouths close up whenever an English-speaking situation emerges. To further complicate the situation, students from rural areas usually mi grate to such schools at the wide-eyed and secondary level.A study into the real or actual classroom situations and the effectiveness of ELT methods and approaches used in such schools would give a draw iner understanding of the problems that are hindering the acquisition and learning of English. English language teachers have to cater to the context of the target students and since the problems of underprivileged Khasi children are similar to some extent, a clear understanding of the teaching-learning relationship between them can be achieved.Hence, language learning should build on the students anterior knowledge, conceptions and misconceptions through an interactive and communicative process. Utilizing culturally authentic materials that students are already familiar with will encourage discussion and meaning making in the classroom. Audio-visual aids and other multimedia materials which are relevant to the immediate environment of the students have great potential for motivat ing the students to participate more actively in the language learning process.The current methods, strategies, and evaluation of teaching English do not give importance to incorporate the students culture into language learning. The researcher believes that investigating the selection of textbooks, assessing the textbooks themselves, the teachers use of culturally relevant materials, and their creation of a learner-centered classroom environment for social interactive learning is a worthwhile enterprise not only for pedagogical purposes but also for insights into second language learning for monolingual classrooms in general.Area of viewThe study focuses mainly at the elementary level. It will select 8 schools four government schools and four private schools within the semi-urban areas of Shillong. The schools selected will be the schools following the MBOSE syllabus.Aims and ObjectiveThe main goal of the present study is to find out if desegregation of culturally relevant mater ial into the teaching and learning of English as a second language would help promote communication skills in semi-urban English medium schools. The main objectives of the research are The textbooks A description of the textbooks in terms of its aim, content, approach and design will be presented in the study. If there is integration of culturally relevant materials in the textbooks, the study will examine how integration is being carried outI. in actual classroom situation.II. in the audio-visual aids or tools available in actual classroom situation. The study will also examine the evaluation and assessment tools commonly salutary in the schools. The study will also provide a brief description of the teacher information programmes. Since the study focuses mainly on integration of local cultural materials to promote communicative skills, it will also document available materials to be incorporated appropriately at the elementary level. Tools and techniques incorporating culturally relevant materials to canvas development of communication skills for children at the elementary level.MethodologyBoth primary and secondary resources will be adopt in the study. For collection of Primary data, the study will incorporate the following methods1. The participant posting method. This method will be used to examine the teaching practices, audio-visual aids, common language assessment strategies adopted in actual classroom situation.2. The questionnaire method This method will be used for analyzing the textbooks, and teacher educate programmes.3. The interview method Interview schedule will be adopted for a study of teachers and students background.4. Tools and techniques incorporating local and culturally relevant materials for testing communication skills.For secondary data, the study will try to collect materials from educational institutions, such as teacher training institutes, University libraries, and the State and National institute of school education.Fieldwo rk for the study will be carried out in the 8 selected schools located within the semi-urban areas of the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya.Tentative Chapterisation1. Introduction2. Contemporary methods of English language teaching3. Methodology4. info Analysis and Presentation of Materials5. Summary and Future Projections of the Study

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Freedom of Speech experimentOriginally rap music has been around since 1926 and was not as popular back then as it is now. Teenagers to adults listen to an average of two heighten five (2.5) maybe three (3) hours of music per day. Study shown in 1 of 3 of the songs played contains explicit language and reference to drugs alcohol or women. Ice occlusions album entitled Death present sends messages that bluntly and descriptively threatens violence against homosexuals, women, whites who exploit blacks, whites who begrudge black women, Korean shopkeepers and police officers. Jon Pareles who wrote the article, Should Ice pulley Voice be Chilled? argues from several different point of views on why Cubes album should not be sold. The article as well argues that his part should be chilled because of violent lyrics and threats towards which it addresses.Jon Pareles made his argument by simply using different reactions and groups to show why the album should not be sold and should be edited. For utilization, the Simon Wiesenthal Center is Jewish human dependables group who demanded quatern major record stores chains to cease in selling the album. The called it cultural Molotov cocktail. After auditory modality to it, the Center realizes how quickly this album is going to explode in the minds and ears of young and old listeners. Another example was Black Korea which according to Ice Cube meant Korean shopkeepers who follow the customer throughout the store to pick up they do not steal.This section of the album did not just scratched below the surface but turned on(p) a nationwide boycott. The Korean- American Coalition did not take this lightly, they condemned and deleted it. In an editorial review, a response by James Bernard favored censoring the lyrics because some batch are too thin-skinned. Also, Mr. Bernard knew that these types of issue mess are force to face on a day to day basis. Why did Ice Cube use such blunt and threatening lyrics? Ice Cub e was born and raised in an theatre polluted with crime, violence and where trust was hidden underground.His inappropriate reactions and vengeance was all towards how he and his people were set (bullied). Pareles describes this reaction of one that is simplistic and ugly because, this would not eradicate the problem but cause an escalation. The get in message of this album caught enough attention by the media and organizations to determine whether or not Death Certificate should be heard at all. The question remains unanswered to curious critics, why are people buying Death Certificate. Some just savor the action like movie imaginativeness that Ice Cube presents.His gift of violence attracts his listeners to buy the album. Ice Cube lyrics did have some effectuate on young listeners during the recession gang involvement disillusioned. However, the majority of the listeners will just play bald-faced music. Jon Pareles produced strong points from many different organizations, grou ps and individual views on why the album should be terminated. The writer neer once critized Ice Cube but spectated his album as a whole. On the other hand, Pareles also agree that although Ice Cube does not have the most positive thinking, he has a right to be heard, but he is going to have to answer and be challenged for his thinking and decisions.